Reading Library Online 10 Free Places to Get Valid Sources for a Paper

When writing academic papers, it is essential to have credible sources to support your claims. There are many databases that give access to journals, articles, books, documentaries, etc. However, these usually cost a lot of money that you probably don’t have any time to lie around. The good news is that there is a solution. There are multiple completely free online libraries and websites that allow you to view and download the electronic versions of whatever you need. They can be hard to find on your own, so here is a list of free places on the web to get the best academic resources and reading for pleasure. 1. Free-Ebooks The title says it all! From this site and after signing up, you can download many different free e-books to use whichever way you want. If you happen to be an aspiring author, you can also upload your own e-books. 2. FreeComputerBooks For anyone who is studying in the Tech, Math, Programming, etc. fields, this site will be of great use. Here you will find a massive collection of books, lectures, and articles separated by category. Definitely extremely useful! 3. Scribd This site is a little different. It is an online document sharing site. It supports Word, PDFs, and Powerpoint, in addition to other formats. You will mostly find novels, but there is also a selection of resources that could be used for essay writing. 4. SnipFiles Free e-books and software galore! It’s all legal too, like many of the sites listed here. Use the search option to find exactly what you are looking for. 5. BookYards This web portal is a great resource for educational materials that can be cited in any paper you need to write. All content is free. 6. FreeBookSpot Download free e-books easily on FreeBookSpot. There are as many categories as you can think of including agriculture, programming, chess, history, art, and so on. The last recorded number of books on this site was 4,485—about the same as your typical brick-and-mortar library! 7. Overdrive If you live in or visit the U.S., you have access to Overdrive. Overdrive is basically the online version of all libraries in the city. It is a downloadable app. You don’t have to be in the U.S. to use it, but you do need a valid library card. You have access by inputting your card number. There are e-books and audiobooks that can be â€Å"rented†, just like at the normal library. 8. U.S. Library of Congress The U.S. Library of Congress is a digital archive that is open to anyone. It is one of the best resources available and is extremely credible. Thousands of newspaper clippings, articles, books, photographs, exhibits and more are at your fingertips. 9. Bartleby This specific reading library online caters to the academic world by offering awesome reference works, plus scientific and historical texts. 10. Online City Libraries Major cities such as New York Public Library and Chicago Public Library are putting parts of their collection online. All you need is to subscribe and sign up to get access to what is available. There is no need to leave home if you need some sources to create a college paper. Look through this list, visit each online library, and you are most likely to find what you need. Good luck!

The Myth And Narrative I Am Living - 2086 Words

The Myth/Narrative I Am Living I enthusiastically embrace the sentiments of Socrates, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has evolved full circle. I finally understand the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. This course has put a lot of things into perspective for me by encouraging self-introspection of my thoughts, examination of my experiences and feelings, by directing my concentration to authors, texts, readings, words, and statements that prior to this course, I was not able to fully articulate. I now have awareness – this presence around me – that has opened a door that has me thirsting for more knowledge. I am convinced that my inherited narrative is my tradition of faith. My faith gives me purpose and allows me to connect to life as I write my mythology and personally extract the significance of tradition th at measures my completeness to prove that my â€Å"living is not in vain.† From my youth, I have always been on a quest to find my place in this world – curious and seeking answers – but having this overwhelming feeling of loving God and having a purpose. Questioning always, what is the reason and meaning of my life? Never mind those around me, but what am I here for. Why am I am special? Over the years, my nickname became â€Å"Sunshine,† I am told because my energy is so high, that it makes people happy. I remember when I was threeShow MoreRelated The Myth of Exodus Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe Myth of Exodus There are many themes running through the Old Testament myth of Exodus – slavery, rescue and redemption, guidance, commandments on how to live, the creation of a nation, and God’s power over other gods. In this paper I will explore what appears to be the chief reasoning behind the creation of the Exodus myth – the explanation of the creation of a monotheistic religion and the similarities of the Exodus myth to the ancient myths, as well as how one should approach the readingRead MoreThe, The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1744 Words   |  7 Pages I wholeheartedly embrace the sentiments of Socrates when Plato stated in the Apology, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has evolved full circle. I finally understand the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. This course has put a lot of things into perspective for me by putting my thoughts, experiences, and feelings into words and statements that prior to I couldRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living2068 Words   |  9 PagesFinal Project Due Date: 12/04/2014 Date Submitted: 12/04/2014 Myth/Narrative I Am Living I enthusiastically embrace the sentiment of Socrates that, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has progressed full circle. I finally understand, to a greater extent, the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. Through the course readings, text, and concepts, the authors haveRead MoreFlood, Atrahasis Flood And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Flood1354 Words   |  6 Pagesways to interpret the different views of The Flood. These different narratives in these stories have their own explanation on how this myth took place and the different beliefs that occurred during this flood. The way you portray each narrative is based on what exactly your beliefs are. When comparing the Genesis Flood narrative to that of the Gilgamesh Flood narrative, there are many similar symbols throughout both narratives. In the Genesis version of the flood, God had chosen to send the floodRead MoreMy Research Methodology In Sculptures863 Words   |  4 Pagesusing glazes on my work I will be experimenting with plant matter for the surface treatment. The sculpture will be hollow and will be able to hold water. I will also be experimenting with firing the pieces just hot enough to allow for the water to leach out enough to keep the outer surface of the sculpture moist without the entire piece becoming so over saturated that it falls apart. I will be focused on trying to find the proper clay body for my figurative sculptures. I created my own clay bodyRead MoreCinema of Attractions1670 Words   |  7 Pagesnot necessarily the best way of defining cinema’s essence. This is only one of the writings concerning this topic which influenced Tom Gunning in characterizing the cinematic period before 1906 as that of the ‘cinema of attractions’. In this essay I am going to talk about the cinema of attractions and its main characteristics with examples from several early films, with an emphasis on ‘Un homme de tà ªtes’ (Georges Mà ©lià ¨s, 1898) and Larrivà ©e dun train à   la Ciotat (Auguste and Louis Lumià ¨re,1895)Read MoreGlobalization, Capitalism And The Everyday Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Theoretically this thesis engages with capitalist and neoliberal literature followed by literature on everyday narratives to be able to contextualize consequences of historical and recent developments in the Kurdistan Region (KR), addressed in literature section, and the ways people have been affected by them are connected to the aforementioned topics. In this section, I argue that through the intervention of outside institutions and governments, foreign advisors and experts, and returneesRead MoreThe Purpose of the Biblical Flood narrative1977 Words   |  8 Pagesearly Judaism† (Coogen 2008) that contains many forms of writings and stories which address not only myth, main historical events and laws, but also those that follow the Israelites unique relationship with God. The first book of the Old Testament is known as Genesis, which is highly concerned with the world’s creation and its initial stages. It is also the origin of the biblical Flood Narrative concerning Noah and the Ark. The story is characterised by a man that is instructed to build an arkRead MoreTelevision, Television And The Internet1399 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis will investigate the propagation of cultural myths and frameworks with the support of global news networks, specifically focusing on the mythic frameworks surrounding Africa as an ex otic monolith and Black Americans as hyperviolent and resistant. In addition to investigating the creation of cultural myths and the support of global news networks, this essay will also explore the use of the colonial gaze as a means of internalizing these myths through the analysis of the Black Lives Matter movementRead MoreI Have Depression Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pages I push myself through the masses of students in the hallway, knowing that my eyes are beginning to water. My friends approach me tentatively, draping their arms across my shoulder, inquiring as to what ails me. The only response is the shuddering of my frame and a barely audible whisper. I dont know whats wrong anymore. I am ushered to the bathroom, or the guidance center, or some secluded space, my friend murmuring reassurances all the while. Itll be ok, Jess. Itll get better. Everything

Macbeth Uncontrolled Ambition - 1087 Words

Carter Nedruban Mrs.DeLory ENG3U1-06 Monday April 22, 2013 Victimized: No control over one’s own actions Being a victim is an uncontrollable position that most people do not deserve to suffer through. In William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, Macbeth is victimized in a variety of ways due to his surroundings which purloin his real character. Lady Macbeth’s uncontrolled ambition takes a turn for the worse on Macbeth, as she pressures him to murder the king. However, it all started from the witches’ prophecies that put the thought through Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s head that Macbeth could potentially become the next king. This thought expanded Lady Macbeth’s gender giving her freakish manly ambition triggering her to take over her†¦show more content†¦Macbeth began the play as a loyal, noble villain, but power started to take over his life. Banquo begins to act suspicious of King Duncan’s murder; therefore Macbeth demands murder upon Banquo. Macbeth ordered the murderer’s to execute Banquo and they accepted the task, â€Å"It is concluded. Banquo, thy soul’s flight, /If it find heaven, must find it out tonight† (3.1.143-144). This is the first act that Macbeth had made since becoming king. His power on the throne continued to take over his mind, which made Macbeth order around to kill one of his former friends. If Macbeth stayed Thane of Cawdor, would he of demanded the killing of Banquo? No, Macbeth being king did not benefit him in any way; it only put negative acts upon him. As the play went along, and Macbeth attained more power, Macbeth’s language started to get malicious. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a respected villain by all, but with him being victimized by all of his surroundings, his character started to transform. Macbeth says many spiteful lines, one being, â€Å"Go prick thy face and over-red thy fear/Thou lily-liver’d boy† (5.3.15-16). As the play advanced, it is almost as if Lady Macbeth and Macbet h switched characters. Lady Macbeth at the beginning of the play was cruel and manly, but as soon as Macbeth’s royal ambitions were achieved, Macbeth became merciless. Macbeth is a victim of power because when he was not on the throne, he was a well respected man, but when he became king heShow MoreRelatedUncontrolled Ambition in Macbeth901 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Macbeth: Ambition Gone Wrong Introduction It’s good to have ambition, as it’s the foundation of a successful life. Ambition means to have strong desire towards achieving something. Because of this, it’s true that one without ambition will struggle, however sometimes, our own ambitions and desires can change us for the negative. Ambition in its nature can tempt obsessive behaviour, which has a destructive nature of its own. When an ambition purely of passion turns into obsession, it ultimatelyRead MoreThe Role Of Ambition In Macbeth1208 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a Shakespearean play which shows how ambition drives a person’s life and how people are constantly driven by uncontrolled ambition to better their lives. In the play, regardless of Lady Macbeth and the witches, Macbeth is responsible for his own downfall. He is driven by ambition to be viewed as a better man in the country and to be in control of his own fate. Uncontrolled ambition can easily turn into insanity; plans should be led t hrough intelligence and maturity in order to achieveRead MoreThemes in Shakespeares Macbeth1043 Words   |  5 PagesMacBeth is one of the most renowned plays in history, written by famous playwright William Shakespeare. It is a story of betrayal, tyranny, murder and deadly ambition. These four themes make this tragedy a great resource for studying the darker side of humanity, and why we resort to such measures. While studying the play, I gained many insights into humanity, and will highlight three in-depth. Firstly, I saw the negative effects of uncontrolled ambition. MacBeth, the valiant warrior, hero of ScotlandRead MoreMacbeth by William Shakespeare1052 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Macbeth, Shakespeare depicts Lady Macbeth as a negative portrait of femininity. Lady Macbeths lack of femininity and new found masculinity allowed uncontrolled power to possess her and prevented her from reaching her potential greatness. She has strayed from her naturally assigned gender role which has upset the Great Chain of Being. Victims of an inverted chain of being, are doomed for self destruction. Lady Macbeth asked to be more masculine because she believed that femininity wasRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero893 Words   |  4 PagesSeidewand Andreacchi February 13th 2017 ENG2D1-02 Macbeth as a Tragic Hero A tragic hero can be described as a character obtaining heroic qualities that is, at the same time, destined for their own downfall. Unfortunately, Macbeth is an example of a character that has this title. In Shakespeare’s time during the writing of the play was the reign of King James of England, and the play ‘Macbeth’ reflects on Shakespeare’s own relationship with this king. Someone of greatRead MoreMacbeth Good And Evil Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth Good and Evil. No one is one hundred percent good or bad, but everyone has a good and evil sides that can be controlled if the distinction between right and wrong is made. The uncontrolled ambition of Lady Macbeth that made her become evil and the deep regret that she had after the evil act was committed show that everyone has a good and an evil sides. Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, introducesRead MoreAmbition In Macbeth983 Words   |  4 Pages The Destructive Power of Ambition Ambition can be the one thing that drives people forward in life, motivating and inspiring them to be successful, but, ambition can also lead to one’s demise, infecting anyone and everyone involved. In the play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s ambition is the main cause for the destruction of those around him. Macbeth’s thirst for power puts an end to many lives of many innocent individuals, as he is blind from all sense of rationality due toRead MoreSimilarities Between Okonkwo And Things Fall Apart1242 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth revolves around the main character of Macbeth, who plots out a Machiavellian scheme to become king of the realm. Upon becoming king Macbeth attempts to ward off any threat to his reign and succession by all means. In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo, the main character, equally does anything and everything to prove his valor. Though set in 11th century Scotland and 19th century Nigeria respectively, and portrayed through the main characters of Macbeth and Okonkwo, theRead More Macbeth: Character Analysis Of Macbeth Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pages Macbeth: Character Analysis of Macbeth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Macbeth was a true Shakespearean tragic hero. He had many noble qualities as well as several tragic flaws. He was a courageous, brave and good nobleman who was haunted by superstition, moral cowardice and an overwhelming ambition. Progressively through the play, his flaws started consuming his qualities until they are that can be seen of him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Macbeth was a courageous and strong nobleman. He and BanquoRead More Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Witches and Lady Macbeth Hold the Blame1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Witches and Lady Macbeth Cause the Downfall of Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeares tragic play, Macbeth shows the gradual descent of the character Macbeth into the moral abyss.  Ã‚   Macbeths yearning for power draws him to the murder of King Duncan, Banquo, and Macduffs family. It is difficult to understand how a courageous, gentle man such as Macbeth, could be involved in such villainous activities. In truth, it was the witches and Lady Macbeth that transformed into evil Macbeths natural

How Bingeing Became the New College Sport - 1089 Words

Drinking on college campuses has become a huge problem. For example, in the 10th century only old people used to drink, but now students drink more than their parents. Students see their parents drinking, so they may think that drinking has no effect on health that anyone can drink so why can’t the students drink? Therefore, college students have been drinking alcohol since the 14th century. Barrett Seaman’s article â€Å"How Bingeing Became the New College Sport,† appearing in TIME magazine on August 29, 2005, explains how binge drinking is affecting college students. It also suggests that lowering the drinking age might help solve the problem of binge drinking. This article has much information on how and where students get drunk. According†¦show more content†¦Due to that we will have more students hospitalized. â€Å"When students are hospitalized-or worst yet, die from alcohol poisoning, which happens about 300 times each year-college presidents te nd to react by declaring their campuses dry or shutting down fraternity houses.† This quote states that there are already many students hospitalized or dead. This happened when the drinking age is 21. I think if the drinking age were lowered, the number of students hospitalized might go up or even double. I think that the college presidents should make strict laws around campus that would help stop students from drinking. If colleges were to have a security check in every dorm, every day that will lower the number of hospitalizations. I know that there would be liquor at student apartments, but it would still help lower the number of deaths. I disagree on lowering the drinking age because students may drink more than their limits and go overboard. â€Å"I visited where the legal drinking age is 18: Montreal’s McGill University, which enrolls about 2,000 American undergraduates a year. Many, when they first arrive, go overboard, exploiting their ability to drink legally . But by midterms, when McGill’s demanding academic standards must be met, the vast majority have put drinking into its practical place among their priorities,† writes Seaman, explaining that the drinking age should be lowered, soShow MoreRelatedHow Bingeing Became the New College Sport Essay621 Words   |  3 PagesI can safely say that this article is going to be about binge drinking among underage drinking at colleges. Also the issue of lowering the drinking age to under 21. * Topic: How bingeing became the new college sport Claim: And why it would stop if we lowered the drinking age. ~ The topic and claim are basically stating that the higher you raise the drinking age the worse off all the college kids are going to be, If we did lower the drinking age it would take away their sense of rebellingRead MoreWith Every Solution, A New Problem Arises800 Words   |  4 Pages With Every Solution, A New Problem Arises Alcohol has been consumed since 10000 BC (Hanson 1). However, unlike now, alcohol was sometimes better than drinking water because of waters’ high risk of carrying diseases. Alcohol wasn’t looked at the way it is looked at now. Barrette Seaman, a New York Times editor wrote a book called Binge: What Your College Kid Won’t Tell You, examining college students’ behavior and reports on the issues of college students. After collecting the information

New Testament interpretation also referred Free Essays

The apostle Peter addressed the crowd for the first time after the Holy Spirit had come down on the apostles and the disciples on the day of the Pentecost. The crowd was amazed as they had heard them speaking in languages that they could understand. They knew they were Galileans but the crowd as made up of people from all over the region, including Parthians, Medes, Elamites. We will write a custom essay sample on New Testament interpretation also referred or any similar topic only for you Order Now The quotation followed after a clarification from Peter that they were not drunk, instead they were speaking in tongues because of the pouring of the Holy Spirit. They were also prophesying in the Spirit. Prophecy was something that was prominent in Christianity and it was highlighted in the New Testament Christianity. The verses showed a relationship with how the Christians was conscious with the spirit of prophecy and how it had returned to them as community (Perrin 62). The importance they had attached it was evident in this speech that was a passage understood to be about the end of time as it was being fulfilled among them. Historically, the book of Joel was grouped with pre-exilic prophets such as Amos and Micah. But there was little data to pinpoint the exact period by which it was written. If it was a plague of locusts, there was no data available for it. On the other hand, if locusts stood for an army invasion, there was little clue as to which threat it was (Barton 15). The entire book of Joel was seen to have no immediate relevance to anyone but had messages of how God would pour out spirit on all flesh as fulfilled in the book of Acts (Barton 3). Joel 2:28-32 was written in a context wherein there was an emphasis that not every one could benefit from the new order that was to come, not even everyone in Israel but only call on the name of the Lord (Barton 7). The previous passages before this verse represented Joel’s plea for the people to render their hearts to the Lord because of who God is. It was followed by how the Lord called His people to come back into His care. The general flow of the story started with presenting the dire state of the nation by which they need to proclaim a public lamentation (Barton 14). Following this lament, there were God’s promises for restoration as well as a glorious future. Difference in Meaning The quotation in the New Testament also referred to the gift of the Spirit that was connected to the prediction Joel had made about how it would be given to mark the last days. In Joel’s time, the reference to the last days was not used. It was inserted precisely because it was the Apostolic Church and it was an eschatological event that took place (Filson 72).   (Filson 72). There were significant additions and changes that Peter had made in his speech that quoted the prophet Joel. The quotation was opened up with â€Å"In the last days, God says† (Acts 17) as well as â€Å"they shall prophesy (Acts 18) that was not originally seen in the Old Testament passage (Perrin Duling 62). However small the additions to the verses were, they provided for a deeper meaning and significance especially in the context by which it was pronounced in the New Testament. The prophet prophesied of the days of the Lord, something that was still connected to the restoration that God would bring from the period of lamentation and strife in the country. It was interpreted in the New Testament to be the start of the fulfillment of the prophecy for the last days. While in the book of Joel, there was only one set of signs that indicated the coming of the â€Å"day of the Lord,† the book of Acts showed two sets of signs that referred to the â€Å"sky above† and the â€Å"earth beneath† (Perrin Duling 62). This referred to the differences in the time period. The signs of the sky above were about the signs that were outstanding and were still waiting to be fulfilled. On the other hand, the signs of the earth below referred to the coming of Jesus and how he fulfilled this prophecy that pointed to the signs of the last days (Perrin Duling 62). The additions were also significant in how the people saw themselves and characterized themselves as a community. While in the context in the book of Joel referred to these signs to be the immediate experience and imminent expectation, the New Testament interpretation also referred to the Christian’s conviction of being the End Time community wherein they were experiencing the first act of the divine drama that would shortly be followed by the second coming of Christ (Perrin Duling 62). How to cite New Testament interpretation also referred, Papers

Business Cycle Fluctuations Monetary - Fiscal Policy & How it Work

Question: What would happen if no one tried to manage the business cycle? What role do you see for the Executive Branch of the U.S. government in managing the business cycle? How does fiscal policy work? What are its limitations? How does monetary policy work? Who is responsible for setting and implementing monetary policy? Answer: Business cycle is the fluctuations in the economic activity and the GDP growth rate. If there is no one to manage the business cycles then it would be difficult for economy to maintain stability in prices and growth due to which inflation will be uncontrollable. Investment will also be difficult. The Executive Branch of the U.S. government is responsible for managing the fiscal policies of the government. It manages the business cycle by using the fiscal policies of the economy. Fiscal policies are the taxes and the government expenditure policies. There are mainly twp types of fiscal policies that the government uses to stabilize the economy and control the inflation and the unemployment rate. There are mainly two types of fiscal policies expansionary and contractionary (Burda Wyplosz, 2012). Expansionary policies are used to expand the economy and increase the money supply to grow the economy while the contractionary policies are used to contract the economy by controlling the mon ey supply in the economy. The two main tools of fiscal policies are tax revenue and government expenditure. The main limitation of fiscal policies is that it could have an inverse impact on economy. For example government spending instead of stimulating the economy can reduce the demand due to market failure. Monetary policies are the policies used to control the economy by controlling the money supply in the economy. The main aim of monetary policy is to control inflation, unemployment rate and boost the economic growth. The Central bank of the economy is responsible for implementing the monetary policy such as Reserve banks in case of Australia and India (Mankiw, 2014). Money is a medium of exchange used to purchase goods and service in the form of coins and banknotes. The four main functions of money are that money acts as a medium of exchange, measure of value, standard of deferred payment and store of value. Since money can be stored for a long period of time without any decay it is also considered as store of value and unit of account. Money supply can be measured using various standards and there are mainly three different measures that include M1 that consists of coins and currency. The second measure is M2 that includes M1 plus the small savings account and the third measure is M3 that include M2 plus large time deposits that includes the financial instrument (Sardoni, 2015).The main primary function of money is that it can be used as a medium of exchange in the sense that money can be exchanged for goods and services. Market liquidity is the selling and purchase of assets without causing any drastic changes in the assets price. Federal Reser ve System is the Central Bank of United States and is greatly responsible for monitoring the economic activities of the economy. It is also responsible for creating liquidity in the market. It basically uses quantitative liquidity requirements to control the money market. The Central bank of the economy is responsible for controlling the fiscal as well as monetary policy of the country to control its macroeconomic factors (Ingham, 2013). References Burda, M., Wyplosz, C. (2012).Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Ingham, G. (2013).The nature of money. John Wiley Sons. Mankiw, N. G. R. E. G. O. R. Y. (2014).Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Sardoni, C. (2015).The functions of money and the demand for liquidity(No. 3/15).

Albert Einstein and His Theories Essay Example For Students

Albert Einstein and His Theories Essay Albert Einstein and His TheoriesEinstein, Albert (1879-1955), German-born American physicist and Nobellaureate, best known as the creator of the special and general theories ofrelativity and for his bold hypothesis concerning the particle nature of light. He is perhaps the most well-known scientist of the 20th century. Einstein was born in Ulm on March 14, 1879, and spent his youth inMunich, where his family owned a small shop that manufactured electric machinery. He did not talk until the age of three, but even as a youth he showed abrilliant curiosity about nature and an ability to understand difficultmathematical concepts. At the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry. Einstein hated the dull regimentation and unimaginative spirit of schoolin Munich. When repeated business failure led the family to leave Germany forMilan, Italy, Einstein, who was then 15 years old, used the opportunity towithdraw from the school. He spent a year with his parents in Milan, and when itbecame clear that he would have to make his own way in the world, he finishedsecondary school in Arrau, Switzerland, and entered the Swiss NationalPolytechnic in Zrich. Einstein did not enjoy the methods of instruction there. He often cut classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to playhis beloved violin. He passed his examinations and graduated in 1900 by studyingthe notes of a classmate. His professors did not think highly of him and wouldnot recommend him for a university position. For two years Einstein worked as a tutor and substitute teacher. In 1902he secured a position as an examiner in the Swiss patent office in Bern. In 1903he married Mileva Mari, who had been his classmate at the polytechnic. They hadtwo sons but eventually divorced. Einstein later remarried. Early Scientific PublicationsIn 1905 Einstein received his doctorate from the University of Zrichfor a theoretical dissertation on the dimensions of molecules, and he alsopublished three theoretical papers of central importance to the development of20th-century physics. In the first of these papers, on Brownian motion, he madesignificant predictions about the motion of particles that are randomlydistributed in a fluid. These predictions were later confirmed by experiment. The second paper, on the photoelectric effect, contained a revolutionaryhypothesis concerning the nature of light. Einstein not only proposed that undercertain circumstances light can be considered as consisting of particles, but healso hypothesized that the energy carried by any light particle, called a photon,is proportional to the frequency of the radiation. The formula for this is E =hu, where E is the energy of the radiation, h is a universal constant known asPlancks constant, and u is the frequency of the radiation. This proposal-thatthe energy contained within a light beam is transferred in individual units, orquanta-contradicted a hundred-year-old tradition of considering light energy amanifestation of continuous processes. Virtually no one accepted Einsteinsproposal. In fact, when the American physicist Robert Andrews Millikanexperimentally confirmed the theory almost a decade later, he was surprised andsomewhat disquieted by the outcome. Einstein, whose prime concern was to understand the nature ofelectromagnetic radiation, subsequently urged the development of a theory thatwould be a fusion of the wave and particle models for light. Again, very fewphysicists understood or were sympathetic to these ideas. Einsteins Special Theory of RelativityEinsteins third major paper in 1905, On the Electrodynamics of MovingBodies, contained what became known as the special theory of relativity. Sincethe time of the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton, naturalphilosophers (as physicists and chemists were known) had been trying tounderstand the nature of matter and radiation, and how they interacted in someunified world picture. The position that mechanical laws are fundamental hasbecome known as the mechanical world view, and the position that electrical lawsare fundamental has become known as the electromagnetic world view. Neitherapproach, however, is capable of providing a consistent explanation for the wayradiation (light, for example) and matter interact when viewed from differentinertial frames of reference, that is, an interaction viewed simultaneously byan observer at rest and an observer moving at uniform speed. Procrastination EssayMost of Einsteins colleagues felt that these efforts were misguided. Between 1915 and 1930 the mainstream of physics was in developing a newconception of the fundamental character of matter, known as quantum theory. Thistheory contained the feature of wave-particle duality (light exhibits theproperties of a particle, as well as of a wave) that Einstein had earlier urgedas necessary, as well as the uncertainty principle, which states that precisionin measuring processes is limited. Additionally, it contained a novel rejection,at a fundamental level, of the notion of strict causality. Einstein, however,would not accept such notions and remained a critic of these developments untilthe end of his life. God, Einstein once said, does not play dice with theworld.World CitizenAfter 1919, Einstein became internationally renowned. He accrued honorsand awards, including the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921, from various worldscientific societies. His visit to any part of the world became a nationalevent; photographers and reporters followed him everywhere. While r egretting hisloss of privacy, Einstein capitalized on his fame to further his own politicaland social views. The two social movements that received his full support were pacifismand Zionism. During World War I he was one of a handful of German academicswilling to publicly decry Germanys involvement in the war. After the war hiscontinued public support of pacifist and Zionist goals made him the target ofvicious attacks by anti-Semitic and right-wing elements in Germany. Even hisscientific theories were publicly ridiculed, especially the theory of relativity. When Hitler came to power, Einstein immediately decided to leave Germanyfor the United States. He took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study atPrinceton, New Jersey. While continuing his efforts on behalf of world Zionism,Einstein renounced his former pacifist stand in the face of the awesome threatto humankind posed by the Nazi regime in Germany. In 1939 Einstein collaborated with several other physicists in writing aletter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, pointing out the possibility ofmaking an atomic bomb and the likelihood that the German government wasembarking on such a course. The letter, which bore only Einsteins signature,helped lend urgency to efforts in the U.S. to build the atomic bomb, butEinstein himself played no role in the work and knew nothing about it at thetime. After the war, Einstein was active in the cause of internationaldisarmament and world government. He continued his active support of Zionism butdeclined the offer made by leaders of the state of Israel to become president ofthat country. In the U.S. during the late 1940s and early 50s he spoke out onthe need for the nations intellectuals to make any sacrifice necessary topreserve political freedom. Einstein died in Princeton on April 18, 1955. Einsteins efforts in behalf of social causes have sometimes been viewedas unrealistic. In fact, his proposals were always carefully thought out. Likehis scientific theories, they were motivated by sound intuition based on ashrewd and careful assessment of evidence and observation. Although Einsteingave much of himself to political and social causes, science always came first,because, he often said, only the discovery of the nature of the universe wouldhave lasting meaning. His writings include Relativity: The Special and GeneralTheory (1916); About Zionism (1931); Builders of the Universe (1932); Why War?(1933), with Sigmund Freud; The World as I See It (1934); The Evolution ofPhysics (1938), with the Polish physicist Leopold Infeld; and Out of My LaterYears (1950). Einsteins collected papers are being published in a multivolumework, beginning in 1987.