Learning Theories Of Learning Through Conditioning And...

A learning theory is an explanation of how information is absorbed, processed and then stored in the brain. Two Learning theories of learning are Behaviourism and Constructivism. Behaviourism is the theory of learning through conditioning and association. It focuses on how environmental factors influence a child’s behaviour. Behaviourism is no associated with factors such as emotions and thinking and more on observable behaviour. Another theory of learning is known as constructivism. This theory tells us how we are able to receive and earn knowledge. It argues that the all learners are in fact not blank canvases, however they use their past experiences and cultural factors. Both of these learning theories have had positive contributions when applied to classroom practice and help the manage both the behaviour of the children and the way in which they are taught information allowing them to gain the highest amount of knowledge that they are capable of. One theorist who has contributed to behaviourism was John B. Watson who had the idea that all behaviours can be trained, measured and changed. One theorist who has contributed to the theory is Pavlov. He came up with the idea of classical conditioning which is the process of learning behaviours through association. There are 3 stages of classic conditioning. The first stage involves an unconditioned stimulus when produces an unconditioned response. This means that the response to the unconditioned stimulus has not been learntShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1249 Words   |  5 PagesLearning theories are the structural foundation used to label how information is processed, stored and encoded during learning. Retention of knowledge is subjective and influenced by outside factors such as, an individual’s cognitive ability to process or retain information. Other influences are environmental, emotional or preexisting experiences or associations (And reassi, 2000). To gain a better understanding of behaviorism in correlation to learning theories it is crucial to understand and graspRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pageslearn differently but children and adult learning differ also. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviorsRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior955 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory I believe that explains criminal behavior and delinquency the best would be the Differential Reinforcement Theory, reviewed by Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers after it was criticized by C.R . Jeffery. Burgess and Akers argued against Sutherland’s work by using what he had used already and adding operant conditioning and modeling/condition in order to explain criminal behavior more clearly. They offered seven propositions to summarize the Differential Reinforcement Theory, which was a justificationRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, pp. 246-54). Learning Theory- Some say a logical reaction to Darwinism and the theory of natural selection, some say the logical offshoot of 19th century social science, learning theory became extremely importantly by the end of theRead MoreLearning Theories : A Learning Theory1164 Words   |  5 Pages Learning theories video script 8) What is meant by learning theories? Learning theories are essentially explanations of how learning occurs represented through conceptual frameworks in order to explain changes in behaviour and how knowledge is absorbed, processed and retained during learning. The learning theory adopted during teaching as well as cognitive, emotional, environmental influences and prior experience, all play a part in: A change in individual’s knowledge Ability to perform a skillRead MoreThe Relationship Between Learning and Cognition854 Words   |  3 PagesLearning is a very important subject in psychology. In order to fully understand how learning takes place in the mind it’s vital that one is able to comprehend the how behavior and learning goes hand in hand. Instrumental and classical conditionings are both learning styles that describe the modification of behavior. The relationships with these traits are needed in order to understand the correlation cognition and learning process. This paper will define the learning process, review the roleRead MoreCompare and Constrast Classical and Operant Conditioning737 Words   |  3 Pagescontrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another.  BothRead MoreCompare Contrast Operant Classical Conditioning1642 Words   |  7 PagesLearning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience (Grivas et al, 1999: 318). Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behaviour in the presence of well-define stimuli (Termpapers, 2003: 01). Learning is the unconscious association between two stimuli which brings about stimulus substitution: Classical Conditioning, CC, Pavlov and the encoding of consequences: Operant Conditioning, OC, Skinner (Grivas et al. 1999: 346-349). This essay will compare and contrastRead MoreThe Role Of Behaviorism And Cognit ive Development Centres On The Premise That People Learn1107 Words   |  5 Pagesprominent theories exploring the ways in which people learn. However, they both take rather different approaches to explain how learning occurs. The leading thinkers in Behaviourism are John Watson and B.F. Skinner and here, their considerations will be compared to and contrasted with, those of Jean Piaget, the pioneer of Cognitive Constructivism. Behaviourism is based on the creation of associations between stimuli and responses by the learner, through forms of conditioning. Piaget’s Theory of CognitiveRead MorePhobias1174 Words   |  5 Pagesphobias can be developed through operant conditioning and how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. This essay also examines the distinctions between classical and operant condition and examines â€Å"extinction† as it relates to psychological theory and how extinction is achieved in classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and Addictions Numerous psychologists believe that behaviors are learned through conditioning. These conditionings are known as operant, which

The Term Implicit Personality Theory - 1559 Words

The term â€Å"implicit personality theory† was introduced by the American psychologist Lee J in 1955. The theory explicate the relation between psychological traits linked with traits with which an individual wants to be associated. Precisely, the theory refers to a newly formed impression that correlates to the traits already known about the person or is self implied. Implicit Personality Theory states that we surround ourselves around with individuals who have positive personality traits so that we are able to mirror that happiness, therefore these tend to be more friendly, respectful, attentive and keep positive attitude towards life. After that individual take that characteristic and assume other personalities about the person based off their one character that we picked. The person we assumed is warmth positively correlated friendly and the other hand the person we assumed cold related to non-social able or boring or may be very serious person. Several studies have shown significant agreement between self rated traits and rating of these traits by others, mostly if the traits lead to observable behavior. And between self rated traits and observed behavior in traits to relevant circumstances, if these external norms for the self rating are appropriately accumulated over the observers, time, or situations, explicitly; self rating of personality shows substantial validity for observable personality traits (Funder1999). Research shows that the defining feature of theShow MoreRelatedBrand Personality: Article Analysis1065 Words   |  5 Pagesget to like me? How might you develop real feelings for me? Brands today are just like human personality, it is both distinctive and enduring. Imagine a Harley- Davidson tattoo on your arm; would you perceive yourself to be more muscular or less muscular than before? In the article, the authors revealed that brand personality do â€Å"rub off† onto some consumer who hold certain b eliefs about their personality- entity theorist in particular. In this paper, I will be discussing the research topic and theRead MoreSolution Focused Group Therapy for Depressed Individuals1360 Words   |  6 Pageswhilst offering solutions to depressed individuals. Group therapy has taken a center-stage in the management of depression. Butler et al (2008) in their article titled Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial show that depression and anxiety form part of the well-known conditions named by individuals seeking treatment using therapies and complementary alternatives. Alternative therapies include yoga, qigong, taiRead MoreImplicit Personality Theory and Stereotypes1650 Words   |  7 PagesByrne Suls in their book Attitudes: Evaluating the social world. (1989) they defined the term Social Psychology as â€Å"the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individ ual behavior in social situations†. (p. 6). There are many concepts of social perception, two of these that will be looked at in this essay are Implicit Personality Theory and stereotypes. Implicit personality theory describes the beliefs, biases and assumptions, that an individual uses when he or she formsRead MoreConsumer Behavior And Its Effect On Influencing Brand Recognition2427 Words   |  10 Pagesbrand personality has received a considerable amount of attention, defined in Aaker’s (1997) article as the â€Å"set of human characteristics associated with a brand†. This idea is well accepted by most proactitioners and marketing academics (Aaker, 1997; Carr, 1996; Duboff, 1986; Durgee, 1988; Kassarjian, 1971; Levy, 1959; Ogilvy, 1988; Plummer, 1985; Sirgy, 1982) for decades, and now has become an important topic of marketing research because of its implementation in consumer behavior theory: differentiatingRead MoreHow Leaders And Non Leaders Throughout Hig her Education Setting1320 Words   |  6 Pagesteams in higher education setting. To this end, I have interviewed eight students and conducted two non-participant observations. The qualitative content analysis approach was used in data analysis. The findings provide several interesting points in terms of emergent leadership in study teams. In line with Offermann et al. (1994), the results suggest that most of respondents perceive and regard it as a positive concept. There might be two reasons for this: one is the concept of leadership seems positive;Read MoreThe Implicit Leadership Theories Associated With Good Leaders1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe implicit leadership theories associated with good leaders. Abstract The present empirical investigation had purpose: (a) to cross-validate L. R. Offermann, J. K. Kennedy, and P. W. Wirtz’s (1994) scale of Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs). In phase 1 we developed the ILS which generates 46 items. In phase 2, we administered the ILS to 121 participants from different ethnic backgrounds but the ethnicity wasn’t measured. We explore people’s perception on an ideal leadership, the data was factorRead MoreTheories of Motivation Concepts Table1503 Words   |  6 Pages1) Choose one of the theories from the Motivation Concepts Table and describe how this theory would and would not be applicable if applied to two or more workplace situations drawn from your personal experience. Motivation has become a term as ubiquitous as it is undefinable. What exactly is motivation and how is it used to achieve a desired result? In many circumstances, individuals are motivated by different aspects at different times in their lives. Compounding this issue further are the environmentalRead MoreCognitive Psychology : The Mind As An Information Processor1331 Words   |  6 Pagessimpler definition, it is the study of how our minds interpret and process things that we either are informed of or something we take into thought. Cognitive Psychology is a part of our attention process, language use, our memory for both long and short term, perception, problem solving, creativity, and the way we think. Each of these different features are a part of how we perceive information, think, remember, and use the information we gather. Through this branch of psychology, researchers are ableRead MorePsychology Module On Pre Entry Course1374 Words   |  6 Pagesinstructed to define specific title from two chosen subject titles; therefore I have chosen to discuss the psychological theory on What is Attitude? I will use all research the basic knowledge of psychological research to define Attitude which relates to everyday Human Behaviour. I will be discussing the prospect on behaviour and using well- known Psychologists on their theory on attitudes that effect people behaviour. I will be discussing different approaches towards people attitude by usingRead MorePsychology1586 Words   |  7 Pagesthinkers such as Aristotle and Plato could only come up with theories as to how the mind works. Plato believed that some knowledge is innate while Aristotle believed that the ability to learn depended on experience, however neither were able to prove their theories with concrete evidence. As time went on and psychology became more widely known, more theoretical approaches to psychology were introduced. Freud established the psychoanalytical theory, which emphasized the importance of the unconscious and

This work describes an importa... free essay sample

This work describes an important aspect within the field of safety in residential area namely fire safety. This paper presents 2 case studies on fire based accidents in nearby residential areas. Under these case studies important aspects such as cause, immediate response, emergency preparedness planning, loss in terms of life and property as well as prevention and control measures have been discussed. This paper also focuses on the actual causes of majority of fire related accidents in residential areas mainly student hostels. Special emphasis has been put on at risk behavior/ unsafe behavior leading to these catastrophic accidents. Majority of accidents are result of unsafe acts rather than unsafe conditions thus BBS plays an important role in preventing accidents and bringing risk to an acceptable level by means of spreading awareness. Apart from it, this paper also highlights the different types of residential fires, their prevention and control measures focusing on use of different chemical extinguishers for different types of fire, different types of smoke detectors, fire alarms, role of sprinkler system and emergency exit plan. This paper also presents a full fledged emergency planning and response plan for a local student hostel primarily focusing on duration of mock drills, training of hostel staff, provision of proper fire fighting equipments in the hostel premises and their compliance with the appropriate standards.INTRODUCTIONFire disasters are one of the most common and catastrophic disasters in the world today. This study aims at analyzing residential fires in high rise buildings. High rise buildings pose high risk of fire because of its configuration into widely varying specifications leading to a diverse building environment with many variables which make the hazards difficult to identify and control. Requirement for fire prevention and control in high rise building is inevitable because of higher occupancy and longer distance to exit discharge which may lead to more casualties and property loss.Urban economy is developing rapidly, as a result land resources are becoming scarse every year and high rise buildings are gaining a great deal of importance. The design of these high rise buildings is very complex thus calling for an urgent need of developing ways to handle fire safety situation and it has become a major issue for the society.Some of the major fires in high rise buildings in the recent years are as follows 1) 26 Jan 2018, A hospital in fire in Miryang, South Korea killed atleast 37 people and injured more than 131 others.2) 28 Dec 2017, Kamala Mill s fire in Mumbai killed 14 people.3) 28 Dec 2017, Apartment buildings caught fire on Prospect Avenue in the Bronx in Newyork city killed 124) 26 April 2016, A fire broke out on the top floor of National Museum of Natural History in NewDelhi, no casualities were reported. 5) 2015, Afire in a residential building in Baku, Azerbaijan kills 14 people.Fire risk analysis of high rise building is important because these buildings still lack an efficient fire extinguish method for safe evacuation and if safe evacuation system is in place then many a times occupants of the buildings are not properly trained on how to respond in case of emergencies. Many a times the location of the building also plays a huge role as proper connecti ng roads might not be available making it difficult for fire fighting vehicles to reach on time. Building codes and regulations prescribe basic requirements for assuring fire and life safety in buildings. For implementing these codes and regulations it is required that a fire protection engineer is consulted since the design and construction stage of the building so as to develop a proactive approach towards fire fighting,but in reality a reactive approach is followed for fire fighting in high rise buildings, thus there is no proper compliance with legal requirements.CASE STUDIES1. 28 Dec 2017, Kamala Mills fire in MumbaiA major fire broke out in a pub in the Kamala Mills compound in Mumbai on Dec 28, 2017, early morning. The blaze was reported around 12.30 a.m. from a bistro The Mojo, a rooftop restaurant pub in The Kamla Trade House and quickly spread to another surrounding pub and a restaurant, said an official of BMC Disaster Control.More than 12 fire tenders were rushed to fight the blaze which was brought under control around 6.30 a.m. While the majority of the victims are reported to have perished on the spot, the firemen could rescue 10 others safely from the leaping flames. The injured have been admitted to the KEM Hospital and other hospitals for treatment. At least 14 people died and many others were injured.Doctors at KEM Hospital said all the victims, 11 of whom were women, died due to smoke inhalation after they were trapped inside the restaurants. Suffocation was assessed to be the prime reason of suffocation.The entire pub and the surrounding complex was full of patrons including many women and tourists thronging the fashionable area to unwind.Mumbai Police have booked the owner of the pub for negligence and other charges for the fire, suspected to be triggered by an electric short-circuit. The probe by Mumbai Police into the Kamala Mills fire tragedy has revealed that the fire might have caused due to a short circuit and the inflammable tarpaulin sheets used as sheds was responsible for spreading the blaze.The Polices probe has also revealed that the staff and the managers of 1Above fled the spot immediately after the fire broke out and failed to rescue the patrons. Also, all those who were killed in the deadly blaze were those who had come to dine at 1Above. Meanwhile, the Mumbai Police has formed numerous teams to locate the absconding accused. An officer said that when they entered the eatery, they found 12 bodies in the washroom while two were lying in the premises. Curtains served as a trigger for fire.Senior police inspector Ahmed Pathan from the NM Joshi Marg police station said that the FIR has been registered under sections 304 (culpable homicide not amounting to murder), 337 (endangering personal safety of others), 338(causing grievous hurt by endangering per sonal safety of others) and 34 (common intention) of the Indian Penal Code. Sources added that 1 Above had blocked the fire exit using iron rods. The original space is 20Ãâ€"20 sq ft in which only 4-5 five tables can be put. But the pub used the open space to add more tables.

Tuesdays With Morrie Essays (826 words) - Morrie Schwartz

Tuesdays With Morrie Tuesdays with Morrie , Mitch Albom Tuesdays with Morrie, written by Mitch Albom is a story of the love between a man and his college professor, Morrie Schwartz. This true story captures the compassion and wisdom of a man who only knew good in his heart. A man who lived his life to the fullest up until the very last breath of his happily fulfilled life. It is a story of a special bond of friendship that was lost for many years, but never forgotten and simply picked up again at a crucial time of both Morries and Mitchs lives. When Morrie learned that he had only a few months to live with the deadly disease of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrigs disease, Morrie began the last class of his life with Mitch lifes greatest lesson. Throughout the last fourteen weeks of Morries life, Mitch met with him every Tuesday to learn and understand all of the wisdom and lessons of life that were within Morrie. The weekly routine consisted of lunch and lecture. These meetings included discussions on everything from the world when you enter it to the world when you say goodbye. From the relationship that these men had with each, a love is revealed like no other love resembles. This is a love of friendship and of respect. Such a bond between people is difficult to achieve. Their relationship consists of an unembarrassed love that is constantly present. Morrie Schwartz was a man of great wisdom who loved and enjoyed to see and experience a simplicity of life, something beyond lifes most challenging and unanswered mysteries. From Morrie, we learn that life is most happily experienced when enjoyed and fulfilled to its highest ability. Morrie shares this with Mitch in the last days of his life and these great lessons will be carried and practiced throughout Mitchs life. --------------------------------What I learned that was new for me--------------------------------- After reading Tuesdays with Morrie I felt a sense of discovery. Morrie Schwartz was a man that touched the lives of many. He will always be remembered for his sincerity and his compassion for life and for love. The lessons that Morrie loved to teach were of his own experience with life. These great lessons were full of wisdom and love and they came deep from within Morrie. I enjoyed reading this book by Mitch Albom and I am also envious of his experience with this incredible man. This book was on the Bestsellers List over the summer and it will continue to be read by many others who share the inspiration that I absorbed as a result of reading this book. I learned many lessons of life while reading this book. There were lessons of love, of family, of relationships, of education and many more topics and issues that were very touching to the heart. By reading this book I learned that wisdom comes with experience and it only inspired me to anticipate the lessons of life that I know I will come to learn as I live my own life. --------------------------------How the book affected me personally------------------------------ Tuesdays with Morrie affected me personally in many different ways. The simplest words that were uttered by Morrie could affect a person in more ways than one could explain. The unembarrassed love that Morrie shared with Mitch to me was incredible. The way that Morrie expressed his feelings and his love for people is amazing and is most often very rare. I think that the one major part of the book that affected me personally was the way that Mitch went to see Morrie after about seven years of being apart. After finishing high school, Mitch continued his life without seeing Morrie, but not without thinking of him on very many occasions. When Mitch saw Morrie on television explaining on a news program about his life threatening disease, Mitch went to see him shortly afterward. This is not often that people that once had a strong relationship with each other will reunite after such an extended period of time, and when it does it is a wonderful reunion. This reunion of Mitch and Morrie reminded me of a friendship that I once had with someone. After being friends for